haemolytic

Haemolytic refers to the process of haemolysis, which is the rupture or destruction of red blood cells. This leads to the release of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen, into the plasma. Haemolysis can occur for various reasons, both physiological and pathological.

Physiologically, a small amount of haemolysis is a normal part of red blood cell turnover, as old or damaged red blood cells are removed from circulation. This process is primarily managed by the spleen and liver.

Pathological haemolysis, however, indicates a problem. It can be caused by intrinsic defects within the red blood cells themselves, such as inherited conditions like sickle cell anaemia or thalassemia. These genetic disorders affect the structure or function of hemoglobin, making the red blood cells fragile and prone to destruction.

Extrinsic factors can also trigger haemolysis. These include autoimmune disorders where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own red blood cells. Infections, certain medications, toxins, and physical trauma can also lead to haemolysis.

The consequences of significant haemolysis depend on its severity and cause. Symptoms can include anaemia, which is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to fatigue and pallor. Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, can occur due to the buildup of bilirubin, a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown. In severe cases, haemolysis can lead to organ damage, particularly to the kidneys, due to the burden of processing excess hemoglobin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to assess red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and markers of haemolysis. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause.