grayanotoksyn

Grayanotoxins are a group of closely related diterpene compounds produced by plants in the Ericaceae family, commonly known as the rhododendron family. These toxins are found in various species, including rhododendrons, azaleas, and mountain laurels. The most well-known and abundant grayanotoxin is grayanotoxin I.

Ingestion of plants containing grayanotoxins can lead to a condition known as grayanotoxin poisoning, or rhododendron poisoning. Symptoms can range in severity depending on the amount of toxin consumed and the individual's sensitivity. Common symptoms include gastrointestinal distress such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Cardiovascular effects can also occur, including bradycardia (slow heart rate) and hypotension (low blood pressure). Neurological symptoms may include dizziness, confusion, weakness, and in severe cases, seizures.

The grayanotoxins exert their toxic effects by binding to sodium channels in cell membranes, particularly in nerve and muscle cells. This binding interferes with the normal function of these channels, leading to altered electrical excitability. The historical use of honey produced from plants containing grayanotoxins, sometimes referred to as "mad honey," has also been documented, leading to intoxicating or hallucinogenic effects in some instances.

Treatment for grayanotoxin poisoning is primarily supportive and aims to manage symptoms. This may involve gastric decontamination, administration of fluids and electrolytes, and medications to address cardiovascular and neurological issues. While most cases resolve with proper medical care, severe poisoning can be life-threatening.