gliptines

Gliptins are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. They function by inhibiting the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). DPP-4 normally breaks down incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). By blocking DPP-4, gliptins increase the levels of active incretins in the body. These active incretins then stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin and reduce the liver's production of glucose, particularly after meals. This action helps to lower blood glucose levels.

Gliptins are typically prescribed for individuals with type 2 diabetes who cannot achieve adequate glycemic control with diet and exercise alone, or in combination with other antidiabetic medications like metformin. They are known for their generally good tolerability and low risk of hypoglycemia when used as monotherapy. Common gliptins include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin. Side effects are usually mild and can include nasopharyngitis, headache, and gastrointestinal discomfort. In rare cases, more serious side effects have been reported, such as pancreatitis and severe joint pain. Gliptins are not indicated for the treatment of type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis. Their use should be guided by a healthcare professional based on individual patient needs and medical history.