glucagonlike

Glucagonlike is an informal descriptor for a family of peptides related to glucagon that are produced by proglucagon processing. The best known members are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), and oxyntomodulin, along with other proglucagon-derived fragments such as glicentin. These peptides are generated in different tissues, notably intestinal L cells and pancreatic alpha cells, through tissue-specific activity of prohormone convertases.

Glucagonlike peptides arise from the same proglucagon gene but are generated by distinct enzymatic pathways. In the gut, PC1/3 generates GLP-1 and GLP-2, whereas in the pancreas PC2 yields glucagon and related fragments. GLP-1 is rapidly inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) in circulation, limiting its half-life.

Physiologically, GLP-1 acts on the GLP-1 receptor to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress glucagon release, slow gastric emptying, and reduce appetite. GLP-2 acts on its own receptor to promote intestinal mucosal growth, improve nutrient absorption, and support barrier function. Oxyntomodulin can activate GLP-1 receptors and may influence appetite and energy expenditure. Together, glucagonlike peptides contribute to the incretin effect and gut–endocrine signaling.

Therapeutically, GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics) are used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, while GLP-2 analogs such as teduglutide are employed to treat short bowel syndrome. Research continues into their broader metabolic and gastrointestinal roles and long-term safety.