glabridin

Glabridin is an isoflavan, a type of flavonoid, that is primarily isolated from the root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice). Chemically it is designated as (3S)-4′-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2′-methyl-6′-phenyl-2′,3′-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3-ol, with the molecular formula C₂₀H₂₀O₄ and a molecular weight of 306.36 g·mol⁻¹. The compound is responsible for the characteristic sweet scent of licorice and contributes to its pharmacological profile.

Pharmacologically, glabridin exhibits a range of biological activities demonstrated in vitro and in animal models. It is a potent antioxidant, scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Anti‑inflammatory effects have been reported through modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways and suppression of pro‑inflammatory cytokines. Glabridin also shows estrogenic activity by binding to estrogen receptors, which underlies some of its reported benefits in skin health and hormone‑related conditions. Additional studies suggest antimicrobial, anti‑melanogenic, and neuroprotective properties, although most evidence remains preclinical.

Commercially, glabridin is incorporated into cosmetics and dermatological formulations for its skin‑brightening and anti‑aging claims, often marketed as a natural alternative to synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. In the food industry, it is used as a flavoring agent and occasional dietary supplement.

Safety data indicate low acute toxicity, but high concentrations may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Limited human clinical trials have been conducted; thus, regulatory agencies generally classify glabridin as a cosmetic ingredient rather than a therapeutic drug. Ongoing research continues to evaluate its efficacy and safety for potential pharmaceutical applications.