gestoten

Gestoten is a Dutch term functioning as the past participle of the verb stoten, which means to push, strike, or bump into something. In Dutch, gestoten is used to form perfect tenses with the auxiliary hebben and describes a completed act of contact or impact. For example, "Ik heb mijn knie tegen de tafel gestoten" translates to “I bumped my knee against the table.” The word can be used for both literal contact and more figurative senses, depending on context.

In German, the cognate form is gestoßen, the past participle of stoßen. German uses gestoßen with auxiliary sein or haben, depending on sense. For movement-related or contact events, the typical construction is "Ich bin gegen die Wand gestoßen" (I bumped into the wall) with sein, or other verbs with haben, reflecting a parallel but distinct spelling and usage from Dutch.

Linguistically, gestoten illustrates how closely related Dutch and German share verb roots in the Germanic family, yet have diverged in modern spelling and grammatical conventions. The Dutch form gestoten and the German form gestoßen are not interchangeable across languages but point to a common origin.

See also: stoten, stoßen, participles in Dutch and German verb conjugation, Germanic language comparison.