geofizikával

Geofizikával, also known as geophysics, is the scientific discipline that applies principles and quantitative methods of physics to the study of the Earth and its processes. The field investigates the physical properties of the planet, including its gravitational, magnetic, seismic, thermal, and electrical fields, as well as dynamic phenomena such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, and the behavior of Earth's fluids. Because it relies heavily on mathematical modeling and technical instrumentation, geophysics often overlaps with engineering, geology, and environmental science.

The origins of modern geophysics lie in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with pioneers such as Marie Curie, Robert S. Moritz, and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) establishing foundational theories of heat flow and seismology. By the mid‑century, the advent of radioactivity and the development of accelerometers, seismometers, and magnetometers expanded the scope of investigations. The seismological work of J. T. Stone and the magnetic surveys of R. P. Helmick in the 1950s and 1960s propelled the discipline into a comprehensive science of the Earth's interior.

Geophysics today is broadly divided into several sub‑disciplines. Seismology studies wave propagation to image the mantle and core. Magnetotellurics and electrical resistivity mapping reveal subsurface conductive structures, often applied in hydrocarbon exploration. Gravity surveys detect density variations, useful in mineral exploration and geodynamic research. Thermal modeling helps assess geothermal resources, while hydrological geophysics addresses groundwater movement.

Applications of geophysics are diverse, ranging from natural hazard assessment, such as earthquake forecast and volcanic monitoring, to resource exploration for oil, gas, minerals, and groundwater. The discipline also informs climate studies by tracking ice sheet dynamics and atmospheric interactions. Modern advancements, including satellite remote sensing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, continue to enhance data acquisition and interpretation, further expanding the reach of geophysical research into environmental stewardship, urban planning, and planetary science.