generalability

Generalability refers to the capacity of a system to apply knowledge or skills beyond the specific situations in which they were acquired. It encompasses the extent to which performance remains strong when faced with new tasks, data, contexts, or environments that differ from the original training or development conditions. Generalizability is a central concern across disciplines, including machine learning, psychology, education, and scientific theory, because few systems encounter perfectly identical circumstances in real-world use.

In machine learning, generalizability is often described as the model’s performance on unseen data. It includes interpolation within the training distribution but also extrapolation to data that lie outside it, such as different domains, lighting, or user populations. External validity, cross-domain transfer, and robustness to distribution shift are related concepts. Evaluating generalizability typically involves holdout test sets, cross-domain benchmarks, and tests for out-of-distribution performance.

Factors affecting generalizability include data diversity, representativeness, architectural inductive biases, regularization, and learning objectives. Models that overfit to idiosyncrasies in the training data tend to generalize poorly. Techniques to improve generalizability include diverse and augmented training data, regularization, domain adaptation, meta-learning, causal representation learning, ensembling, and learning features that capture underlying generative factors rather than surface correlations.

Challenges in achieving generalizability include distribution shifts between training and deployment, transferability across tasks, and computational or data-collection costs. Poor generalization can lead to brittle systems that perform well in familiar settings but fail in new contexts.