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File formats refer to the structure and organization of data within a computer file. They dictate how data is stored, interpreted, and accessed by software. Different types of files, such as documents, images, audio, and video, utilize distinct file formats to ensure compatibility and proper functionality.

Common file formats for documents include .txt for plain text, .docx for Microsoft Word documents, and .pdf for portable document formats, which preserve formatting across different systems. Image files employ formats like .jpg or .jpeg for photographic images, .png for images with transparency, and .gif for animated images. Audio files commonly use .mp3 for compressed audio, .wav for uncompressed audio, and .flac for lossless audio compression. Video files are often stored in formats like .mp4, .avi, or .mov, each with its own compression techniques and compatibility characteristics.

Understanding file formats is crucial for users to ensure their data can be opened, edited, and shared effectively. Different software applications are designed to work with specific file formats. Attempting to open a file with incompatible software can lead to errors, unreadable content, or data corruption. The choice of file format can also impact file size and quality, with compressed formats generally resulting in smaller files but potentially some loss of detail compared to uncompressed formats.