fractionisation

Fractionisation is a process used in the chemical industry to separate a mixture of hydrocarbons into fractions with similar boiling points. This technique is commonly employed in petroleum refining and petrochemical processing. The process involves heating the hydrocarbon mixture to a temperature where it vaporizes, and then cooling the vapor to condense it into different fractions based on their boiling points.

The primary goal of fractionisation is to produce fractions that can be further processed or used as feedstock for other chemical processes. The fractions obtained can vary widely in molecular weight and composition, ranging from light gases like methane and ethane to heavy oils and residues. Each fraction has distinct properties and applications, making fractionisation a crucial step in the production of various chemicals and fuels.

The process typically occurs in a fractionating column, which is a tall, cylindrical structure equipped with trays or packing materials that facilitate the separation of different components. As the vapor rises through the column, it cools and condenses, allowing the heavier components to fall back into the column while the lighter components continue to rise. This continuous separation process results in a series of fractions that are collected at different points along the column.

Fractionisation is a vital technique in the chemical industry, enabling the production of a wide range of products from a single feedstock. It plays a significant role in the refining of crude oil, the production of petrochemicals, and the synthesis of various chemicals used in everyday products.