fractionaties

Fractionation, and in some languages fractionaties, refers to the process of separating a substance, mixture, or phenomenon into distinct fractions. The approach is used across science and industry to isolate components, analyze complexity, or adjust exposure and dosage. By focusing on differences in physical or chemical properties, fractionation enables selective collection and study of parts of a system.

In chemistry and chemical engineering, fractional distillation is a central method of separation. A feed is heated and vapors rise through a fractionating column containing packing or trays, creating many theoretical plates that improve separation of components with similar boiling points. Other fractionation techniques include fractional crystallization and liquid–liquid partitioning. Common applications include petroleum refining, solvent purification, and the isolation of essential oils.

In biology and medicine, fractionation describes dividing a process into discrete steps. In radiotherapy, dose fractionation distributes the total radiation exposure over multiple treatment sessions to exploit tissue repair and limit harm to normal tissues. Schedules vary, with conventional fractionation typically delivering about 1.8–2 Gy per fraction, and strategies such as hyperfractionation or hypofractionation adjusting the dose per fraction or total number of fractions. In laboratory biology, cell fractionation uses centrifugation to separate cellular components by size and density.

Across fields, fractionation demands careful control of timing, conditions, or solvent systems. While improving purity or therapeutic index, it also introduces challenges such as co-elution or patient tolerability. The concept of fractionation remains a foundational principle in purification, analysis, and treatment planning.