fotofobi

Fotofobi, or photophobia, is a symptom characterized by sensitivity or intolerance to light. It is not a fear in the psychological sense but a discomfort that leads to squinting, eye watering, eye pain, headaches, or avoidance of bright environments. Photophobia can occur with normal eye strain but more often signals an underlying condition affecting the eyes or the nervous system.

Common causes include ocular conditions such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal abrasions, dry eye, and anterior uveitis. Neurological causes include migraines, optic neuritis, meningitis or encephalitis, and head trauma or concussion. Systemic factors such as albinism, certain medications, or recent exposure to intense light can also contribute. In some cases photophobia is a transient reaction to bright lighting, while in others it accompanies more serious illness and requires medical evaluation.

Diagnosis typically involves a clinical history and a focused eye examination to distinguish ocular from neurological origins. Doctors may assess vision, pupil reactions, eye movement, redness, tearing, and corneal integrity. Additional neurological assessment or imaging may be needed if there are concerning symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness, vision loss, or altered mental status.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Practical measures include avoiding bright light, using sunglasses or tinted lenses, and adjusting room lighting. Specific treatments target the root condition, such as antibiotics or antivirals for eye infections, artificial tears for dry eye, anti-inflammatory eye drops for uveitis, or migraine therapies for headache-related photophobia. Seek prompt medical care for sudden severe photophobia, persistent eye pain, vision changes, fever with neck stiffness, or head injury.