forêt

A forêt is a large area of land dominated by trees and other woody vegetation, typically featuring a complex vertical structure and diverse habitats. Forests can be natural or planted and occur in many climates, from temperate to tropical and boreal zones. In French usage, the term encompasses broadleaf and coniferous forests, whether managed for timber, protection, recreation, or conservation.

Ecologically, forests support a majority of terrestrial biodiversity, regulate water cycles, store carbon, and help prevent soil erosion. They create multiple layers—canopy, understory, and forest floor—that host plants, birds, mammals, insects, fungi, and microorganisms. Forests influence local climate and hydrology, and their soils enrich nutrient cycling through litter fall and decomposition.

Human use and management: Forests provide timber, fiber, medicine, food, and recreation. Sustainable management seeks to balance ecological integrity with economic and social needs, through practices such as selective logging, maintenance of soil and water resources, and protection of biodiversity. In many regions, certification schemes and protected areas guide responsible stewardship and long-term productivity.

Threats and conservation: Deforestation, fragmentation, wildfires, pests, disease, invasive species, and climate change alter forest composition and function. Conservation approaches include protected areas, reforestation and restoration, sustainable harvesting, and policies to curb illegal logging. Some forests receive international recognition as World Heritage sites or national parks due to biodiversity value, cultural importance, or ecosystem services.

Cultural significance: Forests have shaped landscapes, economies, and identities in many societies. They appear in folklore and literature, influence language and art, and support traditional livelihoods through non-timber forest products, tourism, and spiritual value.