forråtnelse

Forråtnelse is the Danish term for the decomposition or rot of organic matter. In a broad sense it covers the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler substances by enzymes and microorganisms, and in some contexts by physical and chemical processes. It is a natural part of nutrient cycling in ecosystems and can describe both the decay of dead tissue and the spoilage of perishable materials.

The main agents are microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, aided by insects and other detritivores. Decomposition proceeds through aerobic processes in the presence of oxygen, producing carbon dioxide, water, and simple organic molecules; heat is often released. In anaerobic conditions, such as in waterlogged or sealed environments, putrefaction dominates, producing foul-smelling gases like hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.

Decomposition occurs in stages: an initial fresh stage, a bloated phase as gases accumulate, active decay where tissues break down rapidly, and advanced decay with most material broken down leaving bones or dry matter. The speed and characteristics vary depending on the substrate and environmental conditions.

Key factors include temperature, moisture, oxygen availability, pH, and substrate quality. Warmer, moist environments with oxygen accelerate aerobic decay; cooler, dry, or anoxic environments slow it or favor different microbial communities.

Practical relevance includes composting and waste treatment, food spoilage, and forensic science, where patterns of decay inform timelines in taphonomy and postmortem interval estimation.