formoterol

Formoterol is a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (LABA) used as a bronchodilator in the maintenance treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is administered by inhalation, typically as the fumarate salt, and is often used in combination products with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for asthma or with other bronchodilators in COPD. Formoterol provides rapid onset of bronchodilation, generally within about five minutes, and a duration of action around 12 hours, allowing twice-daily dosing.

Mechanism of action relies on selective stimulation of beta-2 receptors in airway smooth muscle, leading to relaxation and airway widening. This helps reduce symptoms such as wheeze and shortness of breath and improves exercise tolerance when used regularly.

Formoterol is not intended for the relief of acute bronchospasm. In asthma, it is usually prescribed only in combination with an ICS due to concerns about safety when used as monotherapy. In COPD, it serves as a maintenance agent to improve lung function and reduce exacerbations, often in regimens that include additional bronchodilators or corticosteroids depending on disease severity.

Common adverse effects may include tremor, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, throat irritation, and throat infections. Systemic beta-adrenergic effects are possible, especially with higher doses or sensitivity. Cautions include potential interactions with beta-blockers and considerations in patients with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, or seizures.

Formoterol is available in various inhalation devices and is present in several combination inhalers, such as those with budesonide or mometasone. It is prescription-only in most jurisdictions.