foreseeability

Foreseeability is the capacity to anticipate likely outcomes of an action, often judged through what a reasonable person would predict given the information available at the time. It plays a central role in risk assessment, decision making, and legal analysis, where guessing possible consequences helps guide responsibility and precaution.

In law, foreseeability informs whether a party owes a duty of care and whether harms fall within the scope of liability. In torts, courts typically apply an objective standard: harms that are reasonably foreseeable consequences of the defendant's conduct may establish duty, breach, or proximate cause. The chain of causation may be broken if an intervening act or an unforeseeable risk severs the link, limiting liability.

In contract law, foreseeability governs damages. The Hadley v. Baxendale rule limits recovery to losses that were or should have been foreseen by both parties as a probable result of breach, thereby excluding highly speculative or unintended losses unless foreseeability is established.

In risk assessment and project planning, foreseeability guides mitigation by identifying plausible hazards and their likely impacts. Methods such as scenario analysis, probabilistic modeling, and risk registers help organizations prepare for outcomes that are not certain but are reasonably predictable.

Debates about foreseeability address whether the standard should be objective or subjective and how far into the future it should extend. Critics note that the concept can be uncertain in dynamic or complex environments. Overall, foreseeability serves as a practical criterion for judging responsibility and planning under uncertainty.