fluoroarenes

Fluoroarenes are aromatic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms on an aryl ring are replaced by fluorine. They span a range from monofluoroarenes such as fluorobenzene (C6H5F) to polyfluorinated derivatives like difluorobenzenes, trifluorobenzenes, pentafluorobenzene, and up to perfluorobenzene (C6F6).

The C–F bond is among the strongest in organic chemistry, imparting high chemical and thermal stability to fluoroarenes. They are generally less reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution than nonfluorinated arenes, due to the strong electron-withdrawing inductive effect of fluorine. Fluorine can donate electron density by resonance, which can influence directing effects to some extent; overall, fluorinated arenes tend to be deactivating but may show ortho/para directing tendencies in specific cases. Perfluorinated arenes are especially inert and exhibit distinctive physical properties, such as low polarizability and high volatility in some instances.

Synthesis of aryl fluorides proceeds through several general routes. Electrophilic fluorination of arenes with reagents such as N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide or Selectfluor introduces fluorine onto the ring. Deoxyfluorination of phenols using reagents like DAST or Deoxo-Fluor converts OH groups into F. Fluorinated arenes can also arise from nucleophilic substitution on activated fluoroarenes or via specialized defluorinative cross-coupling processes that replace a C–F bond with another substituent.

Applications of fluoroarenes include roles in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and advanced materials. They are also used in radiolabeling for positron emission tomography (18F-labeled arenes) and as specialty solvents or intermediates. Safety considerations vary with substitution level; many fluorinated arenes are relatively persistent in the environment, necessitating careful handling and disposal.