flakkað

Flakkað is the Icelandic term used for the synthetic stimulant alpha-PVP, a member of the cathinone class. It is commonly marketed or sold under names such as flakka and gravel and has at times been distributed in powders or capsules, sometimes marketed as other products such as “bath salts.” The substance gained attention in the illicit drug market during the 2010s and has been associated with severe health and safety risks.

Pharmacology and effects: Alpha-PVP acts as a transporter inhibitor that increases levels of monoamines, particularly dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. This produces stimulation and euphoria but also elevates the risk of adverse psychological and physical effects. Users may experience heightened energy, talkativeness, and confidence alongside extreme agitation, paranoia, irritability, and psychosis. Physical effects can include rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, hyperthermia, sweating, tremors, and in severe cases seizures or coma. Overdose can be life-threatening, and the drug carries a notable risk of acute medical and psychiatric crises.

Usage and risks: Flakkað has been linked to dangerous behavior, aggression, and self-harm, as well as lasting mental health disturbances. The substance can be unpredictable in potency and duration, complicating medical assessment and treatment. Dependence and withdrawal are recognized concerns with repeated use.

Legal status and regulation: Many jurisdictions have restricted or banned alpha-PVP. In some places it is a controlled substance with penalties for manufacture, distribution, or possession. Laws vary by country and are subject to change, so local regulations apply.