fiskoljor

Fiskoljor is a term used in Scandinavian languages to refer to oils derived from fish and other marine sources. The most common products are long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA, contained mainly as triglycerides. Fiskoljor are widely used as dietary supplements, in fortified foods, and as components in animal feed and aquaculture feeds to provide essential fatty acids.

Sources and production: Primary sources are oily fish such as sardines, anchovies, herring, and mackerel, and, in some cases, cod liver. Krill and certain algae are alternative sources, the latter especially for vegan or vegetarian products. Conventional fish oil is produced by rendering, refining, and distillation, followed by deodorization to reduce odor and impurities. Algal oils are produced by controlled fermentation of microalgae, yielding DHA and sometimes EPA.

Purity and safety: Refined fish oils are subjected to processes that reduce contaminants such as methylmercury, PCBs, and dioxins, and to measures that limit oxidation, including packaging and antioxidants. Typical intake guidelines for EPA and DHA vary, with many health authorities suggesting 250–500 mg per day for healthy adults; higher doses are sometimes used under medical supervision. Potential interactions with anticoagulants or gastrointestinal side effects are noted in some sources.

Uses and health effects: EPA and DHA are associated with cardiovascular benefits, normal lipid levels, and anti-inflammatory effects in several studies, though results vary by population and study design. Fish oils may also be used to fortify foods and to support aquaculture nutrition. Sustainability concerns exist due to fishing pressure; producers and buyers increasingly rely on certification schemes and origin labeling to address environmental impact. See also: omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil.