figworts

Figworts are herbaceous plants in the genus Scrophularia, commonly referred to by the same name. The best-known species is common figwort, Scrophularia nodosa. In traditional classifications, Scrophularia was placed in the family Scrophulariaceae; in many modern systems its members are assigned to Plantaginaceae or to Scrophulariaceae depending on the taxonomy used.

Description and morphology

Figworts are annuals, biennials, or perennials with simple, opposite leaves and branched stems. Flowers are tubular and bilabiate, grouped in dense spikes or panicles along the stems. The coloration is typically greenish to brownish, though some species may show hints of red or purple. The fruit is a four-lobed capsule that splits to release seeds.

Distribution and habitat

Figworts are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and are found in Europe, western Asia, and North America. They commonly grow in moist, fertile soils in woodlands, hedgerows, riverbanks, and damp meadows, often favoring partial shade. They can tolerate a range of moisture conditions but generally prefer damp environments.

Ecology and cultivation

Figwort flowers attract insects, including bees and flies, and depend on insect pollination. The seed capsules dehisce to disperse seeds. Some species are grown in gardens for shade tolerance or naturalistic plantings, though figworts are not widely cultivated as ornamentals. They are typically short-lived or self-seeding and require moist, well-drained soil. Propagation is by seed or division.

Uses and notes

Historically, figworts have been used in herbal medicine for inflammatory conditions, but modern evidence supporting these uses is limited, and they are not common in contemporary practice. Conservation status varies by species and locality.