feokromosytoma

Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that develops in the adrenal gland. These glands are located on top of the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure. Pheochromocytomas arise from specialized cells in the adrenal medulla called chromaffin cells, which are responsible for producing catecholamines, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

The primary characteristic of pheochromocytoma is the excessive production and release of these catecholamines into the bloodstream. This overproduction leads to a range of symptoms, often occurring in sudden episodes known as paroxysms. Common symptoms include high blood pressure, severe headaches, rapid heart rate, excessive sweating, and trembling. Some individuals may also experience chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and anxiety. The blood pressure elevation can be sustained or episodic.

The exact cause of pheochromocytoma is not fully understood, but in some cases, it is associated with certain genetic syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B, and neurofibromatosis type 1. However, most pheochromocytomas occur sporadically without a clear genetic link.

Diagnosis typically involves tests to measure catecholamine levels in the blood or urine, as well as imaging studies like CT scans or MRI to locate the tumor. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor. Before surgery, medications are administered to control blood pressure and heart rate. In most cases, surgery cures the condition, although long-term monitoring is often recommended. Malignant pheochromocytomas, though rare, can spread to other parts of the body.