extremos

Extremos is the plural of extremo and can refer to the ends, limits, or most intense points of something. In everyday language it denotes the farthest or most extreme cases within a range, such as extreme temperatures, extreme opinions, or extreme conditions.

In mathematics, extrema are points where a function reaches its highest or lowest value in a given domain. Local extrema occur at points where the function is higher or lower than nearby values, while global (or absolute) extrema are the highest or lowest values over the entire domain. These points are often found where the derivative is zero or undefined, and they can be classified using the second derivative test or other methods. For example, a function may have a local maximum at one point and a global minimum at another.

In statistics, extreme values are the smallest and largest observations in a data set. They determine the range and can indicate outliers or rare events. Descriptive measures such as range, and methods for identifying outliers, are frequently used to analyze extremes.

In probability and statistics, extreme value theory studies the behavior of extreme deviations from the median of probability distributions, providing models for rare events such as floods or market crashes. This theory is used in risk assessment, engineering, and environmental sciences.

Extremos also appear in other disciplines when discussing phenomena at the limits of a system, such as extreme sports or ecological thresholds, where processes operate under conditions at or beyond typical ranges.