extremeweather

Extreme weather refers to atmospheric conditions that are significantly more intense or longer lasting than is typical for a particular location and time of year. The term encompasses a range of events classified by meteorologists as extreme relative to historical normals, and its precise definition depends on the climate and the reference period used. Extreme weather arises from natural atmospheric variability, but the changing pattern of temperatures and precipitation in recent decades has altered the probability of some events.

Common examples include heat waves, cold snaps, heavy rainfall leading to floods, droughts, strong winds, hail, and snow storms. Weather phenomena can combine multiple hazards, such as a hurricane bringing storm surge and rainfall, or a heat wave contributing to drought and wildfires. The effects of extremes are felt through risks to life, property, agriculture, and infrastructure, and they often interact with social and economic factors.

Forecasting and monitoring rely on weather stations, satellites, radar, and numerical models to detect anomalies and issue warnings. Extreme events are often analyzed in terms of return periods or exceedance probabilities, and the accuracy of forecasts generally declines with longer lead times. Public alerts, evacuation plans, and resilient design reduce the harms associated with extremes.

Climate variability and long term trends influence the frequency and intensity of extremes. While not every extreme is caused by climate change, many studies indicate that warming climates can increase the likelihood of certain events in some regions. Understanding extreme weather supports risk assessment, adaptation, and planning in communities exposed to hazard.