hurricane

A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone characterized by a low-pressure center, organized deep convection, and sustained winds of at least 74 mph (119 km/h). In the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, these storms are called hurricanes; in other basins they are known as typhoons or simply tropical cyclones. Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters, typically at least 26.5 C (80 F), and require sufficient Coriolis force, moist air, and low wind shear.

From a tropical disturbance, a system can develop into a tropical depression, tropical storm, and finally a hurricane, once a defined circulation and persistent convection are established. A mature hurricane features a warm core, a well-developed eye, an surrounding eyewall, and spiral rainbands. Central pressure is markedly lower than the surrounding environment.

Intensity is described by the Saffir-Simpson scale: Category 1 (74–95 mph), 2 (96–110 mph), 3 (111–129 mph), 4 (130–156 mph), and 5 (≥157 mph). Rapid intensification and eyewall replacement cycles can change strength quickly.

Impacts include destructive winds, coastal storm surge, and heavy rainfall that can cause flooding. Tornadoes can form in outer bands. The effects depend on size, forward speed, path, and local preparedness, causing loss of life and extensive property damage in some seasons.

Forecasting and monitoring are performed by agencies such as the U.S. National Hurricane Center, using satellites, aircraft reconnaissance, and numerical models. Names are chosen from rotating lists and are retired if a storm is particularly deadly or costly.