eritropoietint

Erythropoietin, abbreviated EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that regulates red blood cell production. It is produced mainly by the kidneys in adults, with smaller contributions from the liver during fetal development. In some languages the term eritropoietint is used as a variant spelling of erythropoietin.

Renal peritubular interstitial cells respond to tissue hypoxia through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, increasing EPO gene transcription. Secreted EPO enters the bloodstream and binds to the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, activating JAK2-STAT5 signaling. This promotes survival, proliferation, and differentiation, boosting red blood cell production.

Clinically, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) products—such as epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, and various biosimilars—are used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, and other conditions where erythropoiesis is insufficient. The goal is to increase hemoglobin toward but not exceeding normal levels, reducing the need for blood transfusions. Dosing is individualized and requires monitoring of hemoglobin, iron status, and blood pressure.

Risks and monitoring include hypertension, thromboembolic events, and, rarely, pure red cell aplasia caused by antibodies against EPO. Some cancers may respond differently to erythropoietin, and concerns about tumor progression have led to cautious use in oncology. Iron deficiency must be corrected, as iron availability limits erythropoiesis. Abuse as a performance-enhancing drug has been observed in sports.