epilepsií

Epilepsií, commonly known as epilepsy, is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures vary in type and severity and can affect consciousness, movement, sensation, or behavior.

Seizures are generally classified as focal onset, arising from a specific brain region, or generalized, engaging networks across the brain. Focal seizures may occur with or without impairment of awareness; generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, and atonic types. Some people experience auras—warning signs that precede a seizure.

Causes of epilepsy are diverse. Genetic factors and structural brain abnormalities contribute in many cases, while others result from head injury, stroke, brain infections, developmental disorders, or degenerative diseases. In about half of all cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

Diagnosis relies on a detailed medical history, eyewitness accounts, and neurological examination, supported by tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Blood tests may help identify metabolic or systemic conditions that can provoke seizures. Treatment centers on antiseizure medications as the mainstay. If two appropriately chosen drugs fail to achieve seizure freedom, epilepsy is considered drug-resistant. For drug-resistant cases, options include surgical resection of a seizure focus, laser therapies, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and dietary approaches such as the ketogenic diet.

Prognosis varies with the underlying cause and treatment response. Many people achieve good seizure control and improved quality of life, though about one-third have drug-resistant epilepsy. Safety considerations, including driving restrictions in some regions, are important aspects of management.

Globally, epilepsy affects about 50 million people, with a prevalence around 7 per 1,000 inhabitants. Early diagnosis and access to appropriate treatment are essential for reducing the condition’s impact.