epile

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder defined by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Seizures reflect temporary abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary in type, duration, and level of awareness. Many people with epilepsy achieve good seizure control with treatment and can live full lives; others have persistent seizures that affect daily activities.

Causes and risk factors include genetic influences, structural brain abnormalities, head injury, stroke, brain infections, and developmental disorders. In many cases the exact cause is unknown (idiopathic). Epilepsy can begin at any age, but onset commonly occurs in childhood or older adulthood. Factors that may increase seizure risk include sleep deprivation, alcohol or drug use, certain medications, and high fever in children.

Seizures are classified as focal onset, generalized onset, or unknown onset. Focal seizures originate in one part of the brain and may or may not involve impairment of awareness. Generalized seizures involve both brain hemispheres from the start. Diagnosis relies on detailed seizure history, neurological examination, electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Treatment typically starts with antiseizure medications (AEDs). Many people achieve good control with a single drug, while about a third have drug-resistant epilepsy and may consider alternative therapies. Options for drug-resistant cases include epilepsy surgery, vagus nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, deep brain stimulation, and dietary therapies such as the ketogenic diet, when appropriate. Safety planning and regular medical follow-up are important for all patients.

Living with epilepsy involves avoiding known triggers, adhering to treatment, and understanding driving and workplace regulations. Education and support resources help individuals manage seizures, reduce risks, and maintain quality of life.