ensilaje

Ensilaje, or silage, is a method of preserving forage by anaerobic fermentation in a sealed storage structure. It is used primarily to feed ruminant livestock when fresh forage is not available. The process relies on harvesting forage at suitable maturity and moisture, chopping it to a workable size, and packing it tightly in a silo, bunker, trench, bag, or clamp to exclude air. Under anaerobic conditions, lactic acid bacteria ferment soluble sugars into lactic acid, lowering the pH and preserving the forage.

Common forms of storage include bunker silos, trench silos, tower silos, and bag silos. Silage can be based on maize (corn), grasses, or legumes such as alfalfa. The typical moisture content at ensiling is around 60–70 percent, resulting in roughly 30–40 percent dry matter in the stored forage. Processors may use inoculants or additives to promote lactic acid fermentation and improve stability.

Quality is assessed by fermentation outcome and storage integrity. A well-preserved silage shows a low pH, high lactic acid content, minimal butyric acid, and little to no mold or unpleasant odors. Adequate sealing and compaction reduce air pockets and prevent spoilage, while management of silage effluent minimizes environmental impact.

Benefits include high-energy, nutrient-dense feed with extended shelf life and reduced spoilage compared with preserved forage. Risks involve improper sealing, excessive moisture, or poor compaction, which can lead to spoilage, heating, or nutrient losses. Ensilage remains a common and efficient method for feeding ruminants in many agricultural systems worldwide.