encyclicals

An encyclical is a formal letter issued by the Pope to the bishops of the Catholic Church, and usually to the entire Church, addressing matters of doctrine, morals, or social concern. Encyclicals are part of the Church's magisterium and, while authoritative, are not in themselves infallible unless explicitly stated to be ex cathedra or to define a doctrine.

The word encyclical comes from Latin encyclica, from Greek enkuklios logos, and refers to circular letters. Historically used in the early Church, the practice became more widespread in the modern era, especially from the 19th century onward, as popes issued encyclicals to address social questions and reform movements. They are typically published in Latin and later translated into local languages.

Prominent encyclicals include Rerum novarum (1891) by Leo XIII on the rights and duties of workers; Humanae Vitae (1968) by Paul VI on birth regulation; Laudato si’ (2015) by Francis on care for creation; Evangelium Vitae (1995) by John Paul II on the sanctity of human life; Pacem in terris (1963) by John XXIII on human rights and peace. These documents have influenced Catholic social teaching, bioethics, environmental ethics, and public discourse.

The format and authority of encyclicals vary. The title is usually drawn from the incipit, the first words of the Latin text. Encyclicals are intended to guide clergy and lay readers alike, offering reflection, pastoral guidance, and doctrinal clarification rather than defining new dogma in every case.