encofrados

Encofrados, or formwork, are temporary or permanent structures used in construction to mold and support fresh concrete until it gains sufficient strength to bear loads by itself. They define the shape, surface finish, and alignment of concrete elements such as slabs, walls, columns, and beams, and must withstand hydrostatic pressure and construction loads while permitting safe removal after curing.

They come in various types and materials. Traditional systems use timber and plywood, while modern forms employ steel, aluminum, or composite panels. Modular formwork systems provide reusable panels and frames, and specialized forms such as slip-form, flying form, and tunnel or flying forms enable rapid construction of vertical or horizontal elements. Permanent formwork remains in place as part of the finished structure in some designs.

Key components include panels or boards, shores and props for vertical support, braces and ties to maintain alignment and spacing, clamps and fastening devices, and release agents to facilitate stripping. Design considerations cover concrete pressure, temperature and curing conditions, geometry tolerances, load paths, and ease of stripping and reuse. Insulation, waterproofing, and surface finishes may be incorporated into the formwork system.

The construction process typically involves designing the formwork for the specific element, erecting and bracing it, installing ties and supports, placing and compacting concrete, curing, and finally removing or reusing the forms. Proper formwork reduces finishing work, improves surface quality, and enhances safety.

Safety and standards govern encofrados to prevent failures, control load paths, and maximize reuse. Codes and guidance from organizations such as ACI and regional standards influence design, materials, release methods, and demolition or stripping procedures.