empíric

Empíric refers to knowledge or methods derived from direct observation, experimentation, or experience rather than theoretical reasoning or abstract speculation. The term originates from the Greek word *empirikos*, meaning "experienced" or "practical," and is closely associated with empirical methods in scientific inquiry.

In philosophy and science, empirical evidence is considered foundational to valid knowledge. Empirical approaches emphasize measurable data, repeatable experiments, and systematic observation to validate claims. This contrasts with non-empirical methods, such as those relying on intuition, authority, or pure logic. Empiricism, as a philosophical stance, asserts that sensory experience is the primary source of knowledge, a view championed by figures like Francis Bacon and John Locke.

Empirical research is widely used across disciplines, including medicine, psychology, and natural sciences. For example, clinical trials in medicine rely on empirical data to assess the efficacy of treatments. Similarly, scientific theories are often refined or discarded based on empirical evidence that contradicts or supports them.

However, empiricism has limitations. It assumes that observations are objective and free from bias, which can be challenged by factors like experimental design or observer bias. Additionally, some phenomena—such as abstract concepts or subjective experiences—may be difficult to study empirically. Despite these challenges, empirical methods remain a cornerstone of rigorous inquiry, ensuring that conclusions are grounded in verifiable evidence.