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Employment refers to the state of having paid work. In economics and public policy, it is a central variable in discussions of the labor market, together with unemployment and labor force participation. The term "employment and" appears in many contexts as part of phrases such as employment and growth, employment and productivity, or employment and social protection. The study of employment covers how jobs are created, sustained, and distributed across the population, as well as considerations of job quality and security.

Key indicators include the employment-to-population ratio, the unemployment rate, and the labor force participation rate. Hours worked, job turnover, and underemployment also help explain the degree of labor utilization and the quality of employment. Data are collected by national statistics offices and international organizations such as the ILO and the OECD, with definitions that can differ by country.

Employment levels fluctuate with economic activity, technology, education, and demographics. Automation and globalization can change the demand for different skills. Policy aims include job creation, reducing skill mismatches, and improving working conditions. Tools include education and training programs, employment services, wage subsidies, and income support for job seekers.

Cross-country comparisons require careful attention to measurement differences. Official statistics may count only paid work, exclude informal work, or use varying retirement ages. The term "employment and" is not a standard category; it is a stylistic connector in discussions about how employment relates to other social and economic factors.