elektrolyzers

An elektrolyzer is a device that uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction, most commonly the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen. By passing an electric current through water separated by an electrolyte and electrode materials, the device produces hydrogen at the cathode and oxygen at the anode.

A typical electrolyzer consists of electrodes, an electrolyte or membrane, and an arrangement to capture and route the produced gases, along with power electronics and control software. The chemical reaction is driven by applying voltage, with the overall reaction: 2 H2O -> 2 H2 + O2.

There are several main chemistries: alkaline electrolyzers use a liquid alkaline electrolyte and usually metal plates; PEM electrolyzers use a solid polymer electrolyte and can deliver high-purity hydrogen at relatively high current densities; solid oxide electrolyzers operate at high temperature and use a ceramic electrolyte for high efficiency when heat is available.

Performance and economics: electrical-to-hydrogen efficiency depends on technology, operating pressure, and temperature; common systems show roughly 60-80% efficiency with energy input accounting for compression and purification. Durability and stack lifetime, catalyst costs, and balance-of-plant components influence capital cost. SOECs can use heat to improve efficiency but require high-temperature materials.

Electrolyzers enable storage of renewable electricity by converting surplus power into hydrogen for later use in power generation, transport, or industrial processes. They are used for green hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, refining, and other feedstock applications. Safety concerns include hydrogen flammability, oxygen enrichment, leak detection, ventilation, and high-pressure storage; proper standards and safety practices are essential.