eicosane

Eicosane, also known as n-eicosane, is a straight-chain alkane with twenty carbon atoms and the chemical formula C20H42. It belongs to the saturated hydrocarbon family and is the unbranched member of the higher alkanes.

In terms of structure and properties, eicosane is a nonpolar, hydrophobic compound. At room temperature it is typically a waxy solid, with a melting point around 36–37°C and a high boiling point near 340–345°C. It is insoluble in water and dissolves in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane or toluene. Like other alkanes, it is relatively chemically inert under ordinary conditions and has a low reactivity unless heated to high temperatures or subjected to strong reagents.

Occurrence and applications vary with its hydrocarbon nature. Eicosane is found in crude oil and natural waxes as a component of the long-chain alkane fraction. It is widely used as a calibration standard in gas chromatography and mass spectrometry due to its well-defined retention behavior and absence of reactive functionality. It also serves as a phase-change material for thermal energy storage, leveraging its melting point to moderate temperatures in specific applications.

Safety considerations are typical for hydrocarbons: eicosane is flammable and should be handled away from ignition sources with appropriate practices to prevent inhalation of vapors and contact with skin or eyes. It is not considered highly toxic but should be stored and used in well-ventilated areas.

Overall, eicosane is a representative long-chain alkane used in analytical chemistry and energy storage, illustrating the properties of unbranched saturated hydrocarbons.