ecosystemsforests
Forest ecosystems are dynamic, living systems characterized by trees and associated plants, soils, water, and a diverse array of animals and microbes. They occur in tropical, temperate, boreal, and montane regions and range from dense rainforests to open woodlands. Forest ecosystems provide habitat, regulate climate and hydrology, and store substantial carbon, contributing to global biogeochemical cycles.
The structure of a forest ecosystem includes the canopy, understory, forest floor, and root zone, hosting a
Key ecosystem services encompass biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, soil formation, erosion control, water purification, and cultural
Threats to forest ecosystems include deforestation, fragmentation, unsustainable logging, invasive species, and climate change, which can