eResidents

E-residents, or e-residents, are participants in Estonia's e-Residency program, a government initiative started in 2014 to provide a digital identity to people who do not physically reside in Estonia. The program offers a form of digital residency—allowing access to online state services and business tools—but it does not confer actual residence, citizenship, or a visa.

Core features include a digital identity issued by Estonian authorities, use of secure online services, and the ability to establish and manage an Estonian company entirely online. E-residents can digitally sign documents, access Estonia's e-government services, and, with participating financial institutions, operate a business bank account remotely. The arrangement has made it easier for entrepreneurs and contractors to run EU-based companies from abroad.

Application and status: Individuals apply online, undergo identity verification, and may receive a digital ID card or mobile ID if approved. Fees apply for processing and for the digital ID, with additional costs for card issuance and related services. The program is overseen by Estonian authorities and relies on verification procedures designed to ensure security and legitimate use.

Limitations and criticisms: E-residency does not grant physical residence, citizenship, or the right to live or work in Estonia. Some services, such as banking, may require additional verification or, in certain cases, physical presence. Privacy and security concerns, as well as questions about tax and regulatory implications for e-residents and their home jurisdictions, have been raised by policymakers and experts.

Usage and impact: Since its inception, the program has attracted thousands of individuals and business owners who form and manage companies online. It has influenced discussions on digital governance and cross-border entrepreneurship, while remaining a subject of ongoing policy debate. See also Estonia’s e-Residency program.