dyer

A dyer is a craftsperson who applies color to textiles, fibers, or leather using dyes. Dyers work with natural and synthetic colorants on fabrics such as cotton, wool, silk, and synthetics, and they may also dye yarns, threads, and leather. The practice includes preparing fibers, selecting dyes, and controlling bath conditions to achieve even, colorfast results.

Dyeing has a long history across cultures. Indigo, madder, and cochineal were historically important color sources. In medieval Europe, dyers organized into guilds that regulated techniques and prices. The development of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, beginning with mauveine in 1856, dramatically expanded color options and the speed of production.

Dyeing techniques vary by fiber and dye type. Natural-dyeing often uses mordants—substances such as alum or iron—to fix color to fibers. Methods include direct dyeing, vat dyeing, stock dyeing, and resist or batik techniques. After dyeing, fabrics are rinsed, washed, and finished to improve colorfastness; modern plants use automated systems and computer-controlled processes.

Today, dyers may work in textile mills, fashion houses, print studios, or artisanal workshops. Environmental and safety concerns have led to regulations and best practices for water use, effluent treatment, and chemical handling. Some dyers specialize in traditional natural-dye techniques, maintaining regional crafts and sustainable production methods.