dustbathing

Dustbathing is a self-maintenance behavior observed in many bird species, in which a bird lies, stomps, or rolls in loose dry dust or fine sand to coat and loosen its plumage. The primary purpose is believed to be parasite control and feather upkeep, including removing debris and excess preen oil, and possibly smothering small parasites.

The action typically involves the bird selecting a dry, loose substrate, lowering the body, and using wing flaps, leg kicks, and rolling motions to spread dust over the body. After dust bathing, birds often preen and shake to remove the spent material. The behavior can be solitary or occur in groups at common dust-bath sites, depending on species and social tendencies.

Dust bathing occurs across a broad range of birds, including domestic chickens and turkeys, doves, parrots, and many wild species. Successful dust baths require a suitable substrate: dry soil or sand that is free of irritants such as chemical residues, lime, or mold. Sites are typically shallow, ground-level patches or bowls maintained by birds or kept by humans in captivity.

Benefits and limitations: dust bathing is associated with reduced ectoparasite loads and improved feather condition in some species, though the effectiveness and exact mechanisms can vary with species and environmental conditions. It is distinct from water bathing and from sand bathing, though some species may use either coarse sand or fine soil for dust baths depending on availability.