dorsiflexes

Dorsiflexion is the ankle movement that brings the top of the foot closer to the shin, reducing the angle between the dorsal surface of the foot and the leg. The verb form dorsiflexes describes the action of performing this movement. In standing and locomotion, dorsiflexion is essential for foot clearance during the swing phase and for stabilizing the foot at heel strike.

The primary muscles responsible for dorsiflexion are located in the anterior compartment of the leg. The tibialis anterior is the principal dorsiflexor, aided by extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus, with the fibularis tertius contributing as a weaker dorsiflexor. These muscles are innervated mainly by the deep peroneal (deep fibular) nerve, arising from the common peroneal nerve (L4–L5 in many individuals). Plantarflexion, the antagonist movement, is performed by the gastrocnemius, soleus, and other posterior compartment muscles.

Normal dorsiflexion ROM varies with knee position; about 20 degrees is typical with the knee extended, and more range may be available when the knee is flexed due to gastrocnemius slack. Assessment is commonly performed with resisted tests for strength, manual range-of-motion measurements, and functional observation during walking. Limitations in dorsiflexion can contribute to gait disturbances such as foot drop, reduced toe clearance, or compensatory movements.

Clinically, dorsiflexion can be affected by nerve injury, muscle tightness, or joint stiffness. Management may include targeted strengthening of dorsiflexors, stretching of plantarflexors, and, in cases of nerve injury or chronic weakness, orthotic or assistive devices to improve gait.