dodecane

Dodecane, commonly referred to as n-dodecane, is an aliphatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C12H26. In many practical contexts, “dodecane” denotes a mixture of C12H26 isomers, with the straight-chain form serving as the reference species. It occurs in crude oil and other petroleum fractions as part of the broader C12 hydrocarbon range.

Physically, dodecane is a colorless, oily liquid. It has a high boiling point for a hydrocarbon (about 216 °C) and a melting point near −9 to −10 °C. At 20 °C its density is around 0.75 g/cm³, and it is essentially insoluble in water while being soluble in many organic solvents. It is flammable, with a flash point typically in the mid‑60s Celsius and a relatively low vapor pressure at room temperature.

Industrial use includes serving as a solvent and diluent in chemical synthesis and formulation. In analytical chemistry, n-dodecane is used as a calibration standard for gas chromatography and as a model component in combustion research as a kerosene surrogate. The branched isomer isododecane, widely used in cosmetics as a light, non-greasy solvent, is often present in commercial dodecane products.

Safety and environment: Dodecane is a flammable liquid that can irritate skin and eyes and may cause respiratory irritation if vapors are inhaled. It has low acute toxicity, but prolonged exposure should be avoided. In the environment, dodecane is relatively persistent and has low water solubility; it can adsorb to soils and sediments, and spills should be contained and cleaned up to minimize exposure.