dislocated

Dislocated is the adjective used to describe a joint in which the bones that form the joint are displaced from their normal alignment. In medical terms, dislocation (also called luxation) indicates that at least one bone is out of its socket, potentially with damage to surrounding ligaments, tendons, nerves, or blood vessels. If the bones are partially in place, the injury may be described as a subluxation.

Commonly affected joints include the shoulder, which accounts for most dislocations, followed by finger joints, the elbow, hip, knee, and jaw. Dislocations can be acute, resulting from trauma such as a fall or collision, or, less often, occur after repetitive strain or in persons with inherently loose joints or connective-tissue disorders. They can be open if the skin over the joint is broken, though closed dislocations are far more common.

Symptoms typically include severe pain, deformity or abnormal appearance of the joint, swelling, and an inability to move the joint normally. Numbness, tingling, or weakness may accompany nerve involvement, and a diminished or absent pulse can indicate vascular injury in some cases.

Diagnosis relies on a clinical examination supported by imaging, usually X-rays, to confirm the dislocation and assess associated fractures. Additional imaging such as CT or MRI may be used to evaluate soft-tissue injuries or complex cases.

Treatment emphasizes prompt, appropriate care. Immediate steps include immobilizing the joint and applying ice, while avoiding attempts to relocate the joint at home. Reduction, performed by a trained clinician, realigns the bones and is often followed by immobilization in a sling or brace and pain management. Rehabilitation with physical therapy helps regain strength and range of motion. Potential complications include recurrent dislocations, nerve or blood vessel injury, avascular necrosis (notably with hip dislocations), cartilage damage, and long-term arthritis. Prevention focuses on injury avoidance, strengthening, and joint stabilization exercises.