deserters

Deserters are individuals who leave military service or duty without official permission. The term is most commonly applied to armed forces, where a service member may abandon his unit, evade deployment, or cross national borders to avoid further service. In civilian contexts, "desertion" can refer to abandoning a legal or constitutional obligation, though this usage is less common. The distinction between deserters and those who defect under arms is often blurred.

Legal status and consequences: In many countries, desertion is a criminal offense under military law and carries penalties such as imprisonment, a dishonorable discharge, or loss of pay. Penalties vary by jurisdiction and time period; historically some regimes imposed severe punishments, including the death penalty. International law does not grant immunity for deserters, and states may pursue repatriation or prosecution if the person re-enters. Some deserters seek asylum, and in international practice such cases may be treated under asylum or refugee protection if the return would expose them to persecution or if they oppose conscription on grounds of conscience.

Causes and patterns: Desertion is influenced by morale, political opposition to a war, harsh conditions, fear, or coercive treatment. Rates vary across conflicts and eras; large numbers have deserted during unpopular or lengthy campaigns. In some cases governments offer amnesty or legal pathways to avoid punishment, while in other circumstances deserters face long-term stigma or legal consequences if they are returned.

Impact and terminology: Desertion raises questions about military discipline, human rights, and the rights of individuals under conscription. The related terms AWOL (absent without leave) and defection are used in different contexts to describe incomplete or illegal withdrawal from duty, or departure to join an opposing side. Across history, deserters have affected battlefield dynamics, diplomacy, and internal politics.