dermatomycosis

Dermatomycosis is a group of fungal infections of the skin and its appendages, caused by dermatophyte fungi as well as non-dermato­phyte yeasts and molds. Common examples include tinea infections (ringworm) such as tinea corporis, tinea capitis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris, as well as cutaneous candidiasis and tinea versicolor.

Causative agents and transmission vary by type. Dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton are classic causes of dermatomycoses, transmitted through direct contact with infected skin, nails, or contaminated objects, as well as from infected animals. Non-dermatophyte fungi, including Candida species and Malassezia, can cause infections in moist areas or in individuals with altered skin barriers or immunity.

Clinical presentation depends on the site and organism. Tinea pedis causes itching and interdigital fissures; tinea cruris presents in the groin with scaly, enlarging patches; tinea corporis forms ring-shaped, red, scaly plaques with central clearing; tinea capitis involves scalp hair loss and inflammation; candidal infections yield moist, red, macerated areas, often in skin folds. Tinea versicolor presents as hypo- or hyperpigmented Macules, typically on the trunk.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by mycologic testing. KOH preparation of skin scrapings reveals fungal elements; fungal culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar helps identify species. Wood’s lamp examination can aid in select dermatophyte infections; polymerase chain reaction and histopathology are available in some settings.

Treatment ranges from topical antifungals (azoles, allylamines) for localized disease to systemic agents (terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole) for extensive, nail, or hair involvement. Duration spans several weeks to months. Prevention focuses on keeping skin dry, avoiding sharing personal items, and treating domestic animals when needed. Prognosis is generally good with appropriate therapy, though nails and hair infections may require prolonged treatment.