democrazie

Democrazie (democracies) are political systems in which sovereignty is vested in the people, either directly or through elected representatives. They are characterized by procedures that allow citizens to participate in governance, hold rulers accountable, and change leaders through regular, free, and fair elections. Democracies typically distinguish between direct democracy, where citizens vote on policy issues themselves, and representative democracy, where elected representatives make policy decisions on behalf of the public. Liberal or constitutional democracies emphasize civil liberties, the rule of law, and independent institutions such as courts and media, alongside pluralism and political competition.

Core features include political equality, protection of fundamental rights, rule of law, accountability of government, separation of powers, and respect for minority rights. Democratic systems rely on transparent institutions, reliable elections, and a free press to inform citizens and check power. Variants range from parliamentary systems, where the government is formed by the majority in a legislature, to presidential systems, where the executive is independently elected, as well as constitutional monarchies with largely ceremonial monarchs.

Historically, modern democracies developed in Europe and the Americas from the 17th to 20th centuries, expanding through revolutions, reform, and decolonization. The late 20th century saw a wave of democratization, followed by periods of democratic backsliding and challenges from authoritarianism, populism, and digital misinformation. Democratic resilience depends on rule of law, credible institutions, civil society, and ongoing civic participation.