delta9

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC, or Δ9-THC) is the major psychoactive component of cannabis. It is a phytocannabinoid with the chemical formula C21H30O2 and the IUPAC name (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Delta-9-THC acts as a partial agonist at the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, with the greatest psychoactive effects associated with CB1 receptor activation in the central nervous system.

Occurrence and chemistry: Delta-9-THC occurs naturally in Cannabis species, primarily in resinous trichomes on flowers and leaves. Concentrations vary by cultivar, growth conditions, and processing. The delta-9 designation refers to the position of a double bond in the cyclohexene ring; the molecule has related isomers such as delta-8-THC.

Pharmacology and metabolism: After inhalation or ingestion, delta-9-THC is absorbed and distributed, producing euphoria, altered perception, and other psychoactive effects. It is metabolized in the liver to 11-hydroxy-THC and then to inactive metabolites, and is excreted mainly in feces and urine. Detection windows vary with use and testing method. Effects depend on dosage, route, and interactions with other cannabinoids and terpenes.

Uses and regulation: Delta-9-THC has therapeutic applications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, weight loss, and pain in some regimens; approved pharmaceutical products include dronabinol and nabilone. Legal status varies: in the United States, delta-9-THC is federally controlled but legal for medical or recreational use in several states; hemp products with low delta-9-THC are regulated by the 2018 Farm Bill as those containing no more than 0.3% delta-9-THC by dry weight. Safety considerations include impairment, cognitive effects, particularly in young people, potential for dependence, and interactions with other medicines.