dekonjestandid

Dekonjestandid are medicines used to relieve nasal congestion by narrowing blood vessels in the nasal mucosa. They are used to treat nasal obstruction caused by colds, allergies, or sinusitis. Dekonjestandid can be divided into two main groups: systemic oral decongestants (such as pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine) and topical decongestants applied directly to the nasal passages (such as oxymetazoline and xylometazoline).

They work by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucosa, causing vasoconstriction and decreased swelling, which opens the nasal airways. Onset is typically rapid for topical products (minutes) and slower for oral formulations (up to an hour or more). Duration varies by agent and formulation.

Topical decongestants should not be used for more than about three to five days in succession, to avoid rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa). Prolonged use or excessive dosing may cause systemic effects such as elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, insomnia, and anxiety, especially with oral agents. They may interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and other drugs. Use is often cautioned in people with hypertension, heart disease, glaucoma, diabetes, thyroid disorders, or pregnancy; individuals with these conditions or who are taking other medications should consult a clinician.

Pseudoephedrine-containing products are subject to regulatory controls in many jurisdictions due to misuse as a precursor for illicit drugs; sales may require identification, logs, and purchase limits. Phenylephrine has become a common over-the-counter alternative, though its efficacy compared with pseudoephedrine is debated.

Common formulations include oral tablets or liquids and nasal sprays or drops. It is important to follow product instructions and consider underlying conditions and concurrent medications.