cytotoxiques

Cytotoxiques, or cytotoxic agents, are substances that damage or kill cells. They encompass chemical drugs used in cancer therapy, toxic proteins, and immune effector mechanisms that destroy target cells. The term covers a broad range of agents with varying mechanisms and applications.

Chemical cytotoxic agents include alkylating agents (for example, cyclophosphamide), antimetabolites (such as methotrexate), cytotoxic antibiotics (like doxorubicin), and platinum compounds (such as cisplatin). Their actions often involve DNA damage or interference with DNA replication, disruption of microtubules, or generation of oxidative stress, resulting in cell death through apoptosis or other pathways. In oncology, these drugs are frequently used in combination regimens to increase tumor kill while managing toxicity.

Biological cytotoxicity involves immune system components that kill abnormal cells, notably cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These cells release perforin and granzymes to induce death in infected or malignant target cells. In addition, certain toxins and proteins can have cytotoxic effects by inhibiting essential cellular processes. Targeted approaches, such as antibody–drug conjugates, deliver cytotoxic payloads specifically to cancer cells, aiming to limit collateral damage.

Safety and regulation: handling cytotoxiques requires appropriate protective equipment, controlled facilities, and strict storage and disposal procedures to minimize exposure and environmental release. Cytotoxicity testing and toxicological assessment are used to evaluate potential harm to cells, guide drug development, and support regulatory review and risk assessment.