cultivator

A cultivator is an agricultural implement designed to mix soil, loosen the surface layer, control weeds, and create a favorable seedbed for planting. The term covers a range of devices from simple hand tools to powered machines used in gardens and fields.

Hand cultivators include hand hoes and cultivator forks with tines that loosen soil between rows. Powered cultivators include garden tillers (rototillers) with rotating tines or discs; small rear-tine or front-tine models; and larger field cultivators mounted behind tractors, equipped with multiple tines or sweeps that cultivate at shallow depths.

Operation involves disrupting weed growth and aerating soil by mechanical action, while also potentially mixing in compost, mulch, or fertilizer. Depth and aggressiveness vary by model, from shallow cultivation to deeper tilling; care is taken to avoid damaging established roots and soil structure.

History and development trace the basic concept to ancient hand tools such as hoes. Horse-drawn cultivators appeared in the 19th century, followed by steam and gasoline-powered machines in the 20th century. Modern models offer adjustable depth, multiple gear ratios, and hydraulic controls to adapt to different crops and soil conditions.

Safety and maintenance emphasize regular inspection of tines, discs, or sweeps for wear, replacement of damaged parts, keeping blades sharp, and following manufacturer guidelines. Protective guards and proper operating procedures help reduce the risk of injury, and routine cleaning and lubrication extend the life of the equipment.

As a noun, cultivator can also refer to a person who cultivates land, typically a farmer or agricultural worker. See also plow, harrow, hoe, and rototiller.