craniostenosis

Craniostenosis is a congenital condition characterized by the premature fusion of one or more sutures in an infant's skull. The skull is made up of several plates of bone that are separated by sutures, which are fibrous joints. These sutures allow the skull to grow and expand as the brain develops. In craniostenosis, these sutures close too early, restricting the skull's growth and potentially affecting brain development.

The fusion can occur in a single suture (simple craniostenosis) or multiple sutures (complex craniostenosis). The specific shape of the head depends on which sutures are fused. For example, sagittal synostosis, the fusion of the sagittal suture, typically results in a long, narrow head (scaphocephaly). Coronal synostosis, fusion of one coronal suture, can lead to a flattened forehead on one side and a raised forehead on the other (anterior plagiocephaly).

The cause of craniostenosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a multifactorial condition involving genetic and environmental factors. In some cases, it is associated with genetic syndromes such as Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome, and Pfeiffer syndrome.

Diagnosis is usually made through a physical examination, noting the abnormal head shape, and is confirmed with imaging studies like X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment typically involves surgical correction to release the fused sutures, allowing the skull to expand and accommodate brain growth. This surgery aims to correct the skull deformity and prevent or manage increased intracranial pressure, which can arise if brain growth is significantly impaired. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial for optimal outcomes.