counterexperiment

Counterexperiment is a term used in discussions of experimental design to describe an investigation conducted specifically to challenge or falsify a prior claim or hypothesis by testing under conditions that would contradict the predicted outcome if the claim were correct. It emphasizes testing the limits of a theory rather than merely confirming it.

The goal is to probe the robustness of theories, reveal boundary conditions, and guard against bias or overinterpretation. Counterexperiments are often carried out alongside confirmatory tests to provide a fuller assessment of a claim.

Design and practice: They may reverse the predicted effect, test adverse or extreme conditions, compare with alternative hypotheses, or use varied populations or instruments. Preregistration, blind analysis, and transparent reporting help reduce bias in counterexperimental work.

Examples: In physics, researchers might search for measurements where a proposed law would fail, to constrain its domain of validity. In psychology or medicine, counterexperiments include attempting to replicate a surprising result under stricter controls or with a different sample to see whether the effect persists.

Relation to theory: The idea aligns with falsifiability in the philosophy of science, emphasizing that claims must be testable in ways that could conceivably refute them. Counterexperiments complement replication and robustness analyses rather than replace them.

Limitations: Designing effective counterexperiments can be difficult and resource-intensive. A single counterexample does not prove a claim false; absence of a counterexample under limited conditions is not proof of validity. Proper interpretation requires clear assumptions about the model and its scope.